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Venice Saint Lucia

Venice -Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia – the Latin name lux ,luce -“light” was associated with “the light way “, “thepath of light” , or “born at the rising of the light” ( sunrise ) “,then LUCIA -brightness,the lightest.

On the majority of the sources ,the date of his born” Dies Natalis ” :is December 13, (although in the mysterious Latin calendar of Sinai her ” Dies Natalis ” falls on February 8.)

December 13 was , indeed, the darkest day of the year ,the winter solstice ,and around that date ,Roman paganism already celebrated a goddess named Lucina , hence the theory that all the Christian holidays (such as that of Agatha ) would be imposed of pre-existing pagan cults .
But, what are the causes of the proliferation of Santa Lucia ,like protector of the view ?The episode of Lucia tearing eyes is unfounded , and absent in the multiple narratives and traditions, (at least until the fifteenth century ) . The emblem of the eyes on the cup , or on the plate ,are, simply, popular devotion .Like protector of the view has always invoked because of his name Lucia ( from latin lux – light). We can talk about “expansion of the act of reading iconographic imagery” . On the paintings Lucia holds in his hand (or on a plate or on a tray ),two eyes, which is often accompanied by the lamp ( one of the most popular evangelical symbols and more beautiful, perhaps derived from the burial art ) Is for this reason that the iconography of Santa lucia, from the sec . XIV, is an interpreter and popularizer of this legend , depicting the saint with specific symbols that are missed before the modern references to its physiognomic data , for which artists were accustomed to resort to the Golden Legend of James of Voragine , which is the reference text and the source of much of the religious iconography .

Become master of Syracuse , blind, eye doctors , electricians, against eye diseases .

The acts of the martyrdom of Lucia of Syracuse were found in two ancient and diverse sources: one in the Greek text of which the oldest dates back to centuries V; the other , in Latin,from the end of the century. V which seems to be a translation of the Greek one. The oldest Greek preparation of the martyrdom contains a hagiographic (relative to the saint’s life ) legend , reworked by an anonymous ,two centuries after her martyrdom on the oral tradition, from which it is still trying to establish the historical data.

While there were ,who has staunchly defended , admitting both the historicity of the martyrdom and the legitimacy of worship; from the other side there are those who has completely blamed , considering the narrative a mere contrivance imaginative of the narrator and with the absence of any cure for historical accuracy .

The martyrdom begins with a visit of Lucia ( whose father belongs to a rich family of Syracuse) and her mother Eutichia , to the tomb of Agatha, in Catania , to plead for the cure of the disease from which his mother was suffering : an unstoppable flow of the blood. Lucia , urges the mother to approach of the tomb of Agata and touch it with ” absolute faith ” and ” blind faith ” in the miraculous healing that the virgin martyr was capable of giving. At this point,Lucia , is taken from a deep sleep that leads her to a dream-like vision in which appears Agatha , and informed her of the healing of her mother and also predicts his future martyrdom , which will be the glory of Syracuse as well as Agatha had been for Catania.Lucia communicates to her mother her decision : to consecrate themselves to Christ! To this end, also asks to return her dispose and her assets to charity ( was promised in marriage to a pagan .) However, just during the return trip, Lucy succeeds , with its insistence, to convince his mother , to donate the parental assets to charity , which the virgin, initiate just arrived in Syracuse.

However , the news of the alienation of his father’s wealth comes immediately aware of the betrothed of the virgin, that it shall ascertain precisely with Eutichia which also asks the reasons for the sudden and unexpected decision .The woman made him believe that the decision was linked to a very profitable investment , and drove him to cooperate in the sale of the goods.Later, the boyfriend of Lucy, perhaps exacerbated by the continual postponements of marriage, decides to report to the governor (Paschasius ) the Christian choice of his fiance( were applicable the decrees issued by the Emperor Diocletian about the persecution of the Christians ) . After the questioning the virgin “manages to argue with
the strength and security of those who are inspired by Christ”, but the governor
imposes the penalty of prostitution,and subjecting it to a kind of exorcism to expel ” the evil Spirit .”The virgin , tells him that his mind will not give up but if the body subjected to torture ,will turn against her mind , she will remain chaste, pure and untouched in spirit and mind.At this point there was a prodigious event: the virgin becomes immovable and steadfast and , no attempt fails to deliver her to give in, even the magicians specially convened by the ruthless Paschasius .Exasperated by such an extraordinary event , the governor ordered to burn her , but the fire even manages to not burn it. Lucia perish by the sword ! So , bend on her knees ,the virgin waiting for the final blow and , after having
prophesied the fall of Diocletian and Maximian, was beheaded.

An Syracuse popular tradition ,said that after his last breathe, the body of Lucia was devoutly buried in the same place of martyrdom. In fact , according to the devotion of her countrymen , the body of the saint was placed in a niche carved into the tufa on the catacombs used as a tomb.
In the year ‘ 878 Syracuse was invaded by the Saracens and the citizens took away her body from there and hid it in a secret place to escape the fury of the invaders. It was then brought from Syracuse to Constantinople in ” a silver casket .” During the crusade of 1204 , the Venetians carried him to the monastery of St. George in Venice. Santa Lucia were elected the patron of the city , building a great church , where the body was kept until 1863, when it was demolished for the construction of the train station (which is called VENICE SAINT LUCIA )
In the year 1860,the pope Pius IX did transfer the body in the church of Saints Jeremiah and Lucy, built with the material of the of the demolished church of St. Lucy were is venerated today. In 1955, the patriarch – Angelo (becamed Pope with the name John XXIII) -suggested that the remains will be covered with a silver mask to give more importance to the sacred relics of Saint Lucia .
On April 4, 1867 the remains of Lucy were desecrated by thieves ( arrested ), which were introduced into the church , to take possession of the votive ornaments . Then in 1949 , the martyr , he was deprived of the crown ( in this case the thief was arrested ) , and in 1969 , two thieves broke the glass urn. On November 7, 1981 two attackers broke the casket and the body of the martyr extracting the head and the silver mask . The body was just recovered on December 12 , 1981, on the eve of the commemoration of the saint.

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Le proteine

Le proteine sono molecole composte da elementi di base, formati da una o più catene ,chiamati aminoacidi.Sono presenti in tutti i organismi animali o vegetali che svolgono compiti diversi tra loro e sono prodotte sulla base delle informazioni contenute del DNA di ogni cellula.Le proteine si differenziano principalmente per la sequenza degli amminoacidi che le compongono.
A cosa servono nel organismo:

-costituiscono l’ossatura delle cellule e partecipano allo sviluppo ed al mantenimento degli organi e dei muscoli.
-viaggiando da un punto al altro del organismo fungendo da segnali tra le cellule (esempio insulina ,una proteina che viene prodotta quando i livelli di zucchero nel sangue aumentano dopo il pasto) e favorisce il suo utilizzo da parte del corpo
-ricevono i segnali e li comunicano all’interno della cellula ( nel nucleo) svolgendo ruolo di trasduzione del segnale,
-difendono l’organismo dagli attacchi esterni ,sotto forma di anticorpi e inviano segnali per attivare il sistema immunitario,
-facilitano le reazioni chimiche nell’organismo che altrimenti richiederebbero
molto tempo e temperature non compatibili con la vita (enzimi)

-gli interferoni,stimolano le cellule a produrre enzimi che bloccano l’attività virale

-il sistema del complemento: una ventina di proteine diverse che interagiscono tra loro con un meccanismo “a cascata” .attirano i fagociti (cellule del sistema immunitario ) che “mangiano” l’invasore ,provocando una risposta infiammatoria che facilita l’attivazione dei meccanismi di difesa ;si depositano sulle superfici delle cellule da eliminare rendendole
“più visibili” al sistema immunitario (il fattore necrosi-tumorale ,favorisce la produzione delle proteine del complimento)
-le citochine:i messaggeri chimici ,che regolano l’attività delle cellule del sistema immunitario e rendono particolarmente attiva la risposta dei globuli bianchi contro le cellule maligne.

Insomma governano il funzionamento dell’organismo: sistema ormonale, trasmissione delle informazioni, immunità, temperatura interna,difendono l’organismo da infezioni e tumori.
– Contribuiscono al dimagrimento, riducendo l’appetito e assicurando il mantenimento della massa magra (muscoli) a discapito della massa grassa.
Le proteine sono necessarie alle funzioni dell organismo,e sono de costituenti fondamentali degli alimenti.

Sulla tavola pero privilegiamo quelle di origini animale,
(carne, uova ,latticini) invece di quelle di origini vegetale (contenute nei legumi .Mangiare troppa carne fa male ,lo dicono gli scienziati .Salumi ,insaccati, carne rossa ,aumentano il rischio di malattie tumorali dovute ai vari conservanti e coloranti,ed ai alcuni processi di decomposizione del sistema digerente che libera sostanze con azione infiammatoria e
irritante sulla parete mucosa ;e poi si sa bene che chi mangia tanta carne in genere consuma poca frutta e verdura e viceversa .
Esistono, in tutto, 20 tipi di aminoacidi, di cui 8 sono detti “indispensabili” o “essenziali” nella misura in cui il corpo umano non può fabbricarli.
Le proteine animali contengono tutti e gli 20 amminoacidi presenti in natura mentre quelle vegetali possono essere carenti di alcuni di essi.I legumi ,mancano di cisteina (aminoacidi solforati),che pero sono presenti nei cereali (dove mancano triptofano e lisina)
Il miglior sostituto delle proteine di origini animale e la combinazione di carboidrati e legumi di tipo “mediterraneo”:pasta e fagioli,orzo con verdure, pasta e piselli eccetera.

Proteine e sport

Se il corpo non riceve attraverso l’alimentazione l’apporto proteico sufficiente, durante uno sforzo fisico intenso passa ad intaccare le sue riserve proteiche interne. Questo fenomeno si ripercuote negativamente su condizione fisica, resistenza e rendimento.
L’alimentazione di base di un atleta dovrebbe prevedere un apporto proteico pari al 15% del fabbisogno energetico totale.
Le proteine di piante si possono sostituire con gli integratori alimentari di altissima qualità.

All plant protein:
Fornisce proteine di altissima qualità, garantendo una quantità bilanciata dei 9 aminoacidi essenziali.
I prodotti NUTRILITE Sport e Nutrizione sono ideati per incrementare i livelli di energia prima, durante e dopo l’allenamento,
reintegrando nell’organismo tutte le sostanze necessarie .

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what the phytonutrients are?

The phytonutrients

(phyto = plant in Greek) , are organic compounds of the plant that are found in food .
It is estimated that in nature there are more than 30 thousand phytonutrients, but until now have been isolated and identified only a thousand.

In nature help to give color and flavor to the plants, and to protect them from
the environmental adversity during the growth. Eating foods that contain it , the man has the opportunity to benefit from the positive effects contained in these substances :

White color, there are foods such as onions , garlic , fennel , cauliflower .They are useful for preventing and combating hypercholesterolemia .

Yellow / Orange, the color of the carrots , oranges, peppers, peaches;that foods are helpful in strengthening the immune system.

Red, in this group the foods such as tomatoes , cherries , strawberries , radishes , apples ,
help to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer , and to fight free radicals.

Green like salad , spinach, broccoli , zucchini, asparagus , peas,
are useful for the prevention of cancer and for the good health of eyes, teeth, bones and blood vessels.

Blue / Purple , this category includes foods such as eggplant, berries , grapes , figs,
that help in the prevention of cancers and cardiovascular diseases , and allow the skin to stay young longer.

Phytonutrients are very useful to keep the body in good health and to combat free radicals, to protect the cells from the toxic free radicals ,which determines the so-called oxidative stress, modulating the immune system, and reducing cardiovascular risk.
It’s , also demonstrated in rigorous epidemiological studies that consumption of fruit and
vegetables, with combined contribution of vitamins, fiber and phytonutrients, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancers . Experts say that the lack of these elements can be at the origin of the cell damage , premature aging and many types of diseases.

In fruits and vegetables are also contained micronutrients , such as vitamins and minerals , which are essential for many essential functions. The maximum effectiveness is derived from the combination of phytonutrients. An emblematic example is the content of “resveratrol” in grape skins that have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant function
on the endothelium ( the tissue that lines the inner surface of blood vessels, and lymphatics of the heart) , leading to a reduction in cardiovascular risk .
Lipids and sterols of wheat, rice, soybeans act to keep cholesterol under control .
Some phytonutrients prevent the formation of carcinogens , while others maintain the production of enzymes who neutralize and eliminate the malignant mutations , before these formed. Someone can prevent the interaction of carcinogenic hormones with the cell. This help to avoid forming the capillaries ,cutting the supply of oxygen and food , preventing the tumor development

Once you have cleared the many benefits of phytonutrients, begins to wonder if consume enough fruit and vegetable during the day , alternating the different types and colors. If you think not, it’s definitely time to start doing it , especially if you’re following a weight loss diet and you want to not only lose weight , but also have a healthy body , strong and full of energy.
Athletes and students have a greater need of phytonutrients and particularly the antioxidant and anti- inflammatory ; fruits whits blue / purple color seem to have also a positive effect on cognitive function.

It is estimated that only 20 % of people can assume at least 5 portions of fruits and vegetables every day and to vary ( as much as possible ) the colors , and as we know , the daily frenzy is the main motivation.For this reason, the food supplements containing phytonutrients may play an important role in modern alimentation going to supplement a diet often too low in fruits and vegetables , or just balanced it.
Moreover , as already mentioned above , some conditions such as the sports activities increase the requirements of phytonutrients and require therefore supplementation .

Venice San Marco Basilica stories and reality .

Venice Basilica San Marco stories and reality .

Still in the 982 was called free from servitute to Sanctae Matris Ecclesiae ( “free from the bondage of Holy Mother Church ” )
At the same time , mausoleum and chapel of the Doge , and therefore with both religious and political function , the sanctuary of St. Mark, as well as the nearby church of his predecessor, Theodore, was demolished ( in 1063 ) to make way for the third and last building , the current basilica.

The new church was consecrated in 1094 , the legend said that in the same year was “miraculously discovered” in a pillar of the basilica, the body of San Marco, which has been hidden during the work , and forgotten there. ( the altar of Sacrament )

The architectural form is very close to that of the ancient Basilica of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople ( Greek cross ,surmounted by five domes ; the church was destroyed after the Ottoman conquest ) .

In the hall , the floor plane remain at the level of the square while inside the basilica is
raised up a few steps to create a sort of ascending path , carefully calculated to gradually prepare the visitor for recollection that from the noisy and distracting open space of the square, is about to enter in the temple.

To not to be stolen by the soldiers of Napoleon “the golden ball ” (palla d’oro) was hidden by a courageous Venetian citizen who holds that hidden in his house many months ;and so the only example of Gothic jewelery remained whole and save.

A stellated dodecahedron is located on the first floor of the main door entrance to the Basilica , under the iconostasis and the choir. For the sages of antiquity , it was the symbol of Venus, the planet ruler of Venice. Represents the event of the Divine in Nature . On the left side of the entrance of the Basilica, on the mosaic floor , there is a rhinoceros of uncertain date , symbol of strength .This would also be a talisman to ward off diseases.

In the central part of the basilica, under the dome , is placed a large square from blue marble once called “The sea” for the depressions that were there , due to the continuous settling of the ground .

On the ground, near the Pala d’Oro , there is a stone depicting a ducal horn and an animal, a black hedgehog. Here was buried the heart of the Doge Francesco Erizzo (1566-1646 , doge from 1631 ) . The hedgehog is a symbol of noble family membership . The rest of the remains are buried in the church of St. Martin (Castello).

Baptistery
this chapel , also called the Church of Putti , there is also the tomb of the Doge Andrea Dandolo . The altar is made by a large granite boulder from Tyre, which tradition says was the one from which Christ spoke to the crowds .

Chapel of St. Isidore
located on the bottom of the left side of the basilica. The partition wall covered in marble that separates it from the basilica corresponds to the original outer wall of the ancient church of San Teodoro ( the saint patron of the ancient Venice) .

The Zen Chapel , or the “Madonna della Scarpa”(of the shoe) was built by “order of the Signoria” in 1501 , when,the Cardinal Giambattista Zen died. In the middle of the altar is a statue of the ” Virgin and Cherub ” by Antonio Lombardo. The figure of the virgin keep in hand a golden shoe to commemorate the legend of the shoe offered as a gift to Mary from a poor faithful, who was miraculously transformed into gold.

Among the basorilievi of the arches above the entrance there appears an old man who bites his hand: it is the architect of the basilica and the legend said ,that he was relieved of his duties when he said that he would be able to build it even more beautiful .

The famous bronze horses were at the beginning gilded of gold and silver , and were brought by the Venetians during the Fourth Crusade from the Hippodrome of Constantinople ;now they are kept in the museum inside the Basilica of San Marco . Outside are copies of the original.

The three pillars-bearer in front of the basilica once beared the flags of the territories of Candia, Cyprus and Morea conquered from Venice.

The two columns coming from the east, in the entrance to the square, in honour of the first saint patron of Venice,Saint Theodor, and the actual patron saint Mark, (which has become such after the legendary theft of the body) originally, were three, but one of them sank during the transfer from Constantinople and can’t be recovered.

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Venezia Le Bocche di Leone

Le Bocche di Leone

si possono ancora vedere a Venezia, nonostante risalgono ai tempi della Serenissima
Tutt’ora si possono ammirare, per la loro spettacolarità a Palazzo Ducale, sul muro della chiesa di S. Maria della Visitazione alle Zattere, sulla Chiesa di S. Martino a Castello, e quella di S. Moisè a San Marco.
Dopo il tentativo di colpo di stato di Baiamonte Tiepolo, nel 1310,furono costruite a Venezia diverse Bocche di Leone ( Boche de Leon) o Bocche per le denunce segrete (boche de le denuntie), simili alle nostre cassette postali. Le denunce potevano riguardare vari tipi di reati tra i quali l’inadempienza alla sanità, la bestemmia o l’evasione fiscale.Quindi erano distribuite almeno una in ogni sestiere, vicino a collocazioni della Magistratura, a Palazzo Ducale o alle chiese, e servivano a raccogliere notizie, delazioni o segnalazioni contro coloro che si macchiavano dei crimini più vari.

Si chiamavano così perché nei bassorilievi di marmo bianco era scolpita l’immagine di un muso di leone,a ricordare il leone di san Marco, simbolo dello Stato veneziano ,o una faccia dall’espressione cattiva.Al posto della bocca vi era una buca per inserire dei fogli di carta con le denunce segrete.Solo i Capi del Sestiere potevano accedere al retro del muro dove erano poste le varie cassette. Delle volte si trattava di delazioni prive di ogni fondamento, dovute all’invidia o all’odio di una persona verso l’altra, altre volte invece queste segnalazioni salvarono la sicurezza della Serenissima.

I Savi dei Dieci e i Consiglieri dei Dieci accettavano le denunce anonime solo se si trattava di affari di Stato, con l’approvazione dei cinque sesti dei votanti Non era però così facile, come si può pensare, accusare qualcuno. Nel 1387 il Consiglio dei Dieci ordinava che le accuse anonime inviate tramite lettera, senza firma dell’accusatore e senza attendibili testimoni d’accusa sulle circostanze segnalate, dovevano essere bruciate senza tenerne minimamente conto.

Nel 1542 fu decretata una legge che stabiliva l’accettazione delle denunce solo se venivano citati almeno tre testimoni presenti al fatto.Le denunce segrete più pericolose erano quelle che venivano presentate con l’accusa di tradimento e cospirazione ai danni dello Stato.Tramite le Bocche di Leone e le denunce segrete furono quindi scoperti molti reati di cui non si sarebbe mai venuto a conoscenza, con gravi danni per la Repubblica di Venezia. Probabilmente però vennero anche accusati e imprigionati degli innocenti.
Il Consiglio dei Dieci applicava con scrupolosità la legge stabilita dagli “Avogadri dello Stato”.Era necessario indagare scrupolosamente per stabilire la verità, con giustizia e chiarezza, non giudicare nessuno in base ai sospetti, ma ricercare le prove concretamente, ed alla fine pronunciare una sentenza giusta.

Naturalmente, in questi giorni si può semplicemente inviare le tue denunce via e-mail direttamente al Comune di Venezia, anche se devo chiedermi se qualcuno controlla ancora le bocche di rimostranze casuali ,lasciate nel cuore della notte ,da qualche veneziano meno abituato al computer .

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Knowing Venice

We can learn, explore, discover the secrets of Venice, through a different perspective from that of a normal traveler.
There are some curiosity that makes Venice a city even more mysterious and fascinating

The winged lion above the gateway of Arsenale holds a book without the traditional worlds PAX TIBI MARCE (pace to you Mark) unsuitable in this military context.Outside the gate, four lions keep guard. The larger one bear runic inscriptions on its side,hacked there in the 11 century by Norse mercenaries.The lion came from the greek island of Delos.The others were looted from Athens in 1687.

Tintoreto’s masterpiece “Paradise” in the doge’s palace is the largest oilpainting in the world.

The most common surname in Venice and Pellestrina is Vianello (which derives from the Latin Vivianus “alive”). Follows the surname Scarpa (shoe).The surname characteristic of Burano is Dei Rossi (the red), of the Murano is Toso (shear) while the most common ones in Chioggia and Sottomarina are Boscolo (allusion to the forest) and Tiozzo. The most common diminutives in Venice are Bepi (Joseph), Tony (Anthony) and Nane (John). The names typical of Venice are Marco (Mark),Alvise, Nicholas and James.

The first description of the glasses was in Venice, in 1284, and it was in the “Chaptolare”, the status of art of” Cristalleri”, in which is textually write that “oglarios” were to be made of good crystal and not of glass.

The narrowest street in Venice is called “Calletta Varisco” which is located on a side near Campo San Canciano:is only 53 cm wide!

An regulament of the health approved in 1897 , sets the rules for buildings and their maintenance,and includes an obligation to build canals to channel the waste water.
Money in Venice are called “Schei”, this term comes from from the inscription “Scheidenmunze” the coin used at the time of the Habsburg rule in Venice .The Venetians shortened the name for convenience. Another synonym for money in Venice before
the euro was “Franks”, thie legacy of the Napoleonic era.

The circulation waterway in Venice is regulated as in the mainland by appropriate signs (one-way, prohibition of access, etc..).

In 1300, the laws of Venice predicted :the tutella of the child worker; the separation between the interest of the doctors and pharmacists and even a public health service, and a set of rules in the justice regolations and the public stability.

In Venice, the woman cold and stiff called mercilessly with the term “Maria de tola” (wooden plank women). Seems that the term “Marionette” (puppets) is derived from small puppets for children called “Marie Wood” (or “Marion” when were larger), inspired by venezian nickname “Marie de tola”.

The squares in Venice are called “Campi”, in fact, were originally used as allotments. The fields in front of churches were often used as cemeteries.

The characters of Lancelot Gobbo and his father, old Gobbo, in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice could have been inspired by the traditional symbol of the Rialto or the Gobbo di Rialto.

Most of the “lions” (the winged symbol of Venice) was destroyed by Napoleon’s troops in 1797, the ones we see now are almost all ,copies similar to the originals.

The word “ciao”(hello) has Venetian origins. In ancient times people used to greet in this way: “suo sciavo”which means “your servant,at your orders, your slave.” So, from time to time the greeting became first “s-ciao” and then “ciao”.

The organization inside the Arsenale shipyard was at the forefront, with different specialist departments quality control of materials standardization of many stages of production and even the first line of assemblage of the history .That allowed to build up three ships per day, which guaranteed to Venice a true record.

The name Ghetto had Venetian origins and derives from the foundries in that area who throwing or blended metals (from the Venezian verb “getare = sharpen the metal with the gaiter”, or with the lead dioxide), for manufacturing and supplying the Arsenal cannons.
For getto to Ghetto , the world change because of,the first Jews who lived there had come from Germany and pronounced it with the “g” as guttural “ghermania.”

The “Campanile of San Marco ” 98.6 meters is the highest tower of the city. On its summit stands a golden angel whose swivel wings point of the direction of the wind at that altitude. On the August 21, 1609 Galileo Galilei showed the telescope ,from bell tower to the Lordship of Venice .

The phrase “Beviamo un ombra = Let’s drink a shadow” ( a glass of wine), comes from the fact that the wine was kept in the shaddow places to be cool (the basements were few) and then consumed in Piazza S. Marco, in the shade of the umbrella and at the great bell tower shadow. From the belfry,starts, at noon on the first Sunday of the carnival, the flight of the angel, giving the official start to the biggest event in the city.

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Venice -The Festival of Health

In 1630 , after more than half a century after the terrible plague of 1575-77 ( bubonic plague ), the disease strikes again on Venice threatening to destroy the lagoon city. The contagion spread to Venice following the arrival of ambassadors of Mantua,city already affected by the epidemiy ( which hit the whole of northern Italy between 1630 and 1631 ) .

In a short span of time, despite the intervents of the “Elders of Health” (doctors), the population was decimated .( 80,000 deaths per 150,000 residents).The disease does not spare the aristocracy or the clergy : even the Doge and most of his family.
Famous is that the notice ordering , anyone would feel the symptoms of the disease to drink at least half a liter of liquid even then someone had guessed the dynamics of the anticorps.

Once again the government and people of Venice are turning to religion.It organizes a procession involving the 10,000 survivors ,They walked incessantly around St. Mark’s Square for three days and three nights with torches and statues .The Doge ( Nicolò Contarini ) and the Patriarch of Venice ( Giovanni Tiepolo ) , make a solemn vow to erect a church called “the Salute”church, asking the interpose of the Virgin Mary to end the plague and i if the city escaped from the total ruin ,a temple will be built “in proportion and beauty never seen in all the city”, thanksgiving to Our Lady .Few weeks after the procession ,
the epidemic suffered a sharp slowdown and then slowly regress until finally extinguished in November 1631.

The most appropriate place for the building ,is the “Punta della Dogana da Mar”, who was the subject of recent demolitions.The design was entrusted to the young architect Longhena and to his new Baroque style. Its octagonal design ” a Crown shape” adapted to the expectation of the Serenissima : a masterpiece of art and a very popular place of pilgrimage, a church that exalted the Virgin and at the same time the Republic .

The basilica was consecrated on the day of November 21, 1687 , which since become for the Venetians “the day of Our Lady of Health “.Each year, the ecclesial and civil community of Venice renews its “vote” of gratitude Is a pilgrimage of thanksgiving in the church in perpetual memory of the Virgin Mary and the innocent dead.Throughout the day , in the church , kept open without interruption, are celebrated continuously masses and rosaries,with a continuous influx of the faithful.Particularly venerated in the” Basilica della Salute”, is the Byzantine icon of the Madonna said Mesopanditissa ( Mediatrix of peace ) .The votive bridge connecting the two banks of the Grand Canal and approaching the shrine to the center of the city to facilitate the pilgrimage.On that day the traffic of pilgrims is so intense ,that from the early hours of the morning, is required the use of one-way pedestrian from Accademia bridge.

The castradina, very tasty plate of food made from mutton, that is typical food for Venice’s people on the day of the health (Salute).

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Venice- Doge’s palace

Doge’s palace

Considered to be the grandest civic structure in Italy it dates back 1309,altrough a fire in 1577 desrtoyed much of the building ,the (Duke) Doge’s palace has carried out three main roles: the Doge’s residence, the seat of government and courthouse -it was the most powerful place in Europe for 400 years.

Build to show off the power and welth of the republic in a so called Venetian Gothic stile -a
fision of Italian Gothic with delicate islamic flair ,had the basis on the bottom of the lagoon ,with the original columns sank,and the square build up over the centuries.The lightness of the polychrome decoration of the facade-with-lace precious stone due to the refined style of construction, with open galleries below and the full wall at the top.

The renascentist courtyard is one of the latest styles in a palace and had esperienced the work of many architects of widely varying tastes.

In the courtyard ,from the top of the giant’s staircase ( so named for the two statues of Mars and Neptune ) the duke said the solemn oath ,in front of his people.

Inside you can find famous pictures like “Rape of Europa “by Veronese;”The three graces”,or “Bacchus and Adriane ” by Tintoretto….

On the first floor lived the duke with his family .His living quarters ,once lavish ,now sparsley furnished ,everithing was stolen during the Napoleon invasion.You can go trough the San Sovinio’s ” gold stair” to the public rooms on the second floor,finishing with the bridge of the sights and the prison.

The senat hall is the place where the 120 senators met,debated and passed laws .The central painting on the ceiling is Tintoreto’s large painting-Triumph of the venice.

The hall of the Grand Council -( the throne’s sale ), where the entire nobility met to elect the senate and doge.Ringing the room are portraits of the first 76 doges (in chronological order ).The one that’s blaked out is the doge Marin Falier who oppsed the will of the grand council 1355 .He was tried for treason ,beheaded ,and airbrushed from history.

On the wall over the doge’s throne is tintoreto’s masterpiece “Paradise”the largest oilpainting in the world.

In the “Sala del Consiglio dei dieci” with its gloomy paintings ,the dreaded council of ten (often called the terrible ten),used to assemble to decide who was in need of decapitation

In the antichamber ,bills of acusation were dropped in the lion’s mouth.

From the open galery,on the nine column the doge assised at the public executions in front of the palace on the square.

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VENICE- the ghetto and the jewish

GHETTO OF VENICE

The Venetian Ghetto is located in the Cannaregio district , just five minutes walk from the train station and ten from Piazzale Roma. A Jewish community was present in Venice since the twelfth century (documented in 1152 ) and
consisted of about 1300 people.

Traditionally Venetian Jews practiced usury,or what was known as such, that is a fact, that lending was prevented to Christians by religious reasons, because they thought contrary to the moral profit from interest on money lent to pledge .
Gradually, the community was consolidated economically and rich of culture .

From the thirteenth century had permanent residence at the island of Spinalonga, since then , having many Jews inhabitants , changed the name in Giudecca .The relations of the community with the Republic were unstable and periodically took place campaigns of conversion . These who adhered changed also the name assuming the name of one who had caused him to recant ,often a member of the aristocracy . The best known example is that of Lorenzo da Ponte (originally Conegliano surname ) who converted and took the name of the nobleman who had converted along with the whole family.

In 1298 was deprived the Jews permission to have a fixed abode in Venice , and they moved into adjacent areas ,but they could still go to the city for their activities .
The permanence in the places occupied in the diaspora is revealed ; while the Christianity was consolidated and acquired more power, more and more difficult , because of the discrimination prohibitions to wich the Jews were subjected .
A series of pronouncements of the Catholic synods 300-1300 banned to the Jews : mixed intermarry , have lunch with non-Jews, hold public office ,keep Christian servants , round in the streets after a certain hour or certain times of the year.keep books and Jewish religious texts, , living with Christians , practice the art of medicine in favor of the Christians , accused or witnesses against Christians , build synagogues , etc. .

ghetto

All this culminated with a series of expulsions of Jews in successive waves from Germany to: Italy , Poland and Russia taking the name of ” akenaziti ,” from the Hebrew name of Germany ” akenaz ” In Venice, the community grew and organized , enjoying a climate of relative tolerance , until the “Council of Pregadi” ( Senate) decide on 29 March 1516 that all Jews were required to reside in the Ghetto (later known as the Ghetto Vecchio) .
The name Ghetto derives from the foundries in that locality .(from the verb “gettare=sharpen the metal with the gaiter”,or with the lead dioxide) )or ” blended ” metals , manufacturing and supplying the Arsenal cannons . Getto became Ghetto, because the first Jews who lived here had come from Germany and pronounced it with the ” g” as guttural ” ghermania ” .
The result is an institution which will then be applied also in the rest of Europe . With the word ” Ghetto ” were identified urban areas of European cities in which the Jewish communities were forced to live .
The word ghetto has come to mean a place of segregation.The Jewish community of Venice was then transferred to the area of the Old Ghetto , where
had the obligation to return in the evening . The whole area was controlled by guards at night and access roads were barred. The population of the Ghetto of Venice continued to
increase up to 5000 people and this explains why there you could see houses with
8 floors, with the brick base and the top floors made of the wood .Each floor had the height
of 1.5 – 1.6 meters, to be lighter, and create more space for rent.Is also true that
the average height of the middle age population was approximately 1.5 to 1.6 meters.
When these small apartments offered to the Jews , they have had to pay the rent of light ( the sun ) to have their windows .

The Venetian Ghetto was still not enough to accommodate all
its inhabitants and it was decided to expand it in adjacent areas, the Ghetto Nuovo ( in 1541 )and the Ghetto Nuovissimo ( 1663 ) . In 1492 Ghetto of Venice received a consistent group of Marranos , who were the Jews expelled from Spain . With the end of the Republic of Venice (1797 ) the Jews were permitted to live in the other parts of the city.

During the Second World War the with the advancement of the Germanic troops the jewish were herded into ghettos , and then deported to concentration camps where they began the final solution -elimination of 6 million Jews who died on the end of the war .

ghetto vecchio

And ,painful to remember that during the Second World War were deported from the Venice ghetto over 200 people in the two tragic days of December 5, 1943 and 17 August 1944.
On “Campo del Ghetto Nuovo ” champ you can see the Holocaust Memorial (1980 ), which is the work of the Lithuanian sculptor Arbit Blatas dedicated to the Jewish community and his deportation ,projected by Franca Semi .
Nowdays , the Jewish community of the Venetian Ghetto is massively reduced (30 residents ),but are over 500 persons enrolled in it. While at one time in the Ghetto of Venice were flourishing activities banking and printing (especially in the sixteenth century ) , the bigger resource nowadays is the tourism.

In “Sottoportego of the Ghetto”, ,there is an Jewish Restaurant : Gam -Gam that complies with the requirements imposed in the culinary field to the Israelites in the Bible , so it is a restaurant Koshe . ( suitable or belonging at the categories that the Bible defines them as well : avoid meat of all non-ruminants,who do not have cloven hoof , while among those aquatic creatures are prohibited without fins and scales .In addition, the slaughter must be done in a particular way because the Bible states that animals have to suffer as little as possible and that all the blood must be eliminated ,because it is forbidden to feed on blood.)

The special culinary delights of the Jewish cuisine are “sardine in saor” mean sardines in sauce , a sweet and sour vinegar in which the sardines and the onion mixed with sultanas and pine nuts.But many more are the specialty of this particular ethnic trend .

In Campo del Ghetto Nuovo in Venice , Cannaregio 2873c , is the Kosher Club ” Le Balthazar ” which serves typical Jewish at the fixed price of 18,00 € or a refined menu ” à la carte”
Synagogues of the Venetian Ghetto
Inside the Ghetto of Venice were built in 1719 nine synagogues , which were also called Schuole (schools). Currently there are 5 left , one for each Jewish confession
This centuries ago in Venice. In Campo del Ghetto Nuovo is the Great German Schola ( 1528 ) ,( Which has a surprising particular , the altar has been extended beyond the walls to create more space ,creating the impression of a balcony.)
the Schola Canton (1532) and the Italian Synagogue or ” Italian school “is in Campo del Gheto Novo .Set in 1575 by the community of Italian origin ( the poorest in the ghetto ) is located in the Campo Ghetto Novo to the right of the Canton school .The Italian synagogue was very important because it housed the sermons of the famous Rabbi Leon da Modena .Nowdays the entrance to the synagogue is in common with that of some private houses placed under the school ..
In Campo del Ghetto Vecchio is the Levantine Schola ( 1538 ) from Central Europe, the majority came from Poland.The interior of the synagogue looks like a Catholic church of that era, but set up to keep their habits unchanged , and Schola Spanish or Ponentina ( 1555), which was rebuilt in 1654 by Baldassarre Longhena.

Outside the synagogues appear inconspicuous , some windows or written in Hebrew make you understand that it is a place of worship. This is because the law at that time did not allow sumptuous facades .The interiors however are often very rich and peculiar adorned.The Charatteristic of the Venetian synagogue is the rectangular shape , with holy ark and the podium orientated on the the shorter sides facing each other while the benches are lined up on the majors. On the walls , biblical quotations in Hebrew ;characteristic furnishings , candle holders from brass and silver , and a great abundance of precious fabrics and red curtains .That’s why the synagogues of Venice are considered among the most beautiful in Europe.

Republic of Venice in 1389 authorized the building of a Jewish cemetery outside the
city , on the island of Lido near S. Nicholas, (or S. Nicoletto ) .

The reference point for the guided tour of the monuments of the Ghetto is the Jewish Museum, has a website rich in historical and practical information , and a map of the ghetto

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Venice – exodus of the population

Exodus of the population

Exodus of the populationis one of the main problem of Venice and is caracterised by the continued decline of the resident population in the historic center, beginning with the second half of the past century .

It is a phenomenon that manifests everywhere in the old cities , and justified by the general trend to live in contexts more functional for modern life , generally in the outskirts of the centers of the city themselves.

The problem is that Venice is not a modern city , but a historic city, the outskirts of which is represented by islands and estuary,while the urban Mestre-Marghera is, in fact, another city with many facilities.

For Venice this general trend has been accentuated by the high cost of housing, the development of motorization and high costs of maintenance of the buildings . Within fifty years there are reduced to two-thirds the number of residents in the historic center from 175,000 in 1951 to 64,000 in 2002 ( data collected from special censuses ) .

Today, more than the exodus to the mainland , aging of the population to determine the decline of residents in the historic center .Meanwhile in the sixties the number of births and deaths was almost echivalent today the number of deaths are more than the double of the new borned population . An old population of residents with age from 60 years old is nearly three times higher than that of young people up to 20 years.

We can identify four stages in this exodus , coinciding with as many decades :

1951-61 exodus from overcrowding , and degradation, incompatible with the new lifestyles

1961-71 exodus from non restoration -of those who had no means for the restoration of their houses to move to Mestre city .

1971-81 exodus from restoration – the big scale restoration is begining; the large estate agents entered on the market,and increased the competition

exodus of the population

1991 – exodus from the market – proliferation of second homes of non-residents , prices are soaring and impiede the Venetians to return to the mainland.

From young and dynamic city which was made it throbbing of the beginning of the last century, now Venice is emptied of the many craft and trade activities, with a population less and less busy and older, with many places disabled or owned by wealthy Italians or foreigners who lives few days on the year into a city more and more like a big hotel.

And if the physical survival is certainly possible because natural phenomena are best known and predictable;economic and social aspects , are perhaps more complex and difficult because so are the nature of the human being.