Archivio tag: venice

Saints John and Paul ,Venice

Venice, St. John and St. Paul

Campo San Giovanni e Paolo (Saints John and Paul), also called the Campo delle ‘Meravegie ” (wonders ),is an area of the most important monuments of Venice, after only to that of St. Mark.Most important monument, the Basilica of Saints John and Paul ( in Venetian dialect San Zanipolo) is one of the most impressive medieval religious building in Venice. In the “Pantheon of the Doges of Venice,”were buried , since 1300, twenty-five, from one hundred and twenty of the Doges of the Republic, and other important personalities. It is considered “twin” of the church of the Frari ,(size 96 to 40 meters, are almost similar to that of the Frari, built at the same time) with the same triumphant Venetian Gothic style.

According to the hagiographic tradition, the two blood brothers John and Paul, Christians, rich and very charitable people, were very prominent in the Roman era.Their martyrdom, realy took place in Rome, a strange thing because there are very few Christians,martyrs in Rome. The Emperor Julian, also known as “the Apostate”,despite that initially issued an “Edict of Tolerance ” for Christians especially , he decided to restore the pagan worship. (some say he actually tried to enter possession of the property entrusted to them by Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great.)

According to legend, the origins of the church are connected to a vision of the Doge Jacopo Tiepolo.

“One night the Doge Jacopo Tiepolo saw in a dream the oratory of S. Daniel and the swampy area full of beautiful flowers on which flying white doves with golden cross on their front. Suddenly two angels descended from heaven with censers exhaling sweet scents .He heard a voice who said: “This is the place i chose for my Preachers.”

The next day he got the support from the Senate to give the convent (Oratorio di San Daniele) to the Dominican monks, present in the city since more than ten years, and who still lived under the portico of St. Martin. Immediately (1234) will start construction (which remains only the lower part of the façade), dedicated to the Roman martyrs of the fourth century John and Paul.

The church was solemnly consecrated, almost two centuries after its foundation, November 14, 1430,and was continuously enriched, for almost a century, of sepulchral monuments, paintings, sculptures and works of the greatest Venetian artists.

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He tried to persuade them to renounce their Christian faith , thinking that their reputation
will convince many people to follow their example. Both brothers refused the invitation and Julian sent them the captain of the guard Terenziano, with the injunction to worship the idol of Jupiter.Persisting their refusal, they were seized in the house for about ten days, in order to reflect on the consequences of their refusal.

The exterior is very simple, and curiously without a bell tower, which seems missing since ‘300. The church has a very high tripartite facade, opened by a central rose window and two “eyes”on the sides .The portal, adorned with six columns of marble transported here in 1459.The autors of this work are Bartolomeo Bono and the master Domenico Fiorentino. On the side of the field there are various buildings and chapels.

The plant is Latin cross with three naves , supported by huge columns , formed by the
union of very thin cylindrical columns.

The statues of the two patrons John and Paul are in the altar.

On the walls of the aisles are adjacent monuments, and on the right are the open chapels. In 1682, to better perform massive official events (for example, the funeral of the Doges) the choir,enclosed in the first four columns of the nave was demolished and partly transported to the presbytery.
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After ten days, (June 26 ,362) the captain, returned to their home, and after three hours of unnecessary threats and blandishments, had beheaded and buried them in a pit dug in the same house, spreading the word that they had been exiled.
After their death, the son of Terenziano, fell prey to an obsession and shouting that John and Paul were tormenting him. The father with great concern, led him on the grave of the two martyrs, where the boy got the cure.

At the death of the Doge , the eldest of the adviser responded :

“With much regret we heard of the death of the Most Serene Prince of so much goodness and piety,but we’ll make another one. ”

Then death was announced to the entire city by the “double ring to nine times” of the bells of the churches .The doge was immediately embalmed and wrapped in the cloak of gold, with the Doge’s horn on his head,golden spurs shod down and the sword with the handle towards the foots.The third day after his death, took place a procession attended by thousands of person. Inside the church were finished the funeral prayer ,and everyone turned away in a gondola. http://dipoco.altervista.org/venice-gondola/

The people did not participate much to the doge’s funeral , perhaps because according to an ancient prophecy , the church would have collapsed “on the day of a solemn function” .

Each monument of this basilica tells a page of Venetian history ,from John Dolfin of the twelfth century , one of the oldest graves of the Basilica ,

to the monument to Victor Pisani , ( with the original statue of the deceased ) that recalls the triumph over Genoa in the decisive Battle of Chioggia ( 1380) ,

-Jacopo Tiepolo [Duke of Candia (Crete today) and twice bailo (ambassador) in Constantinople], the forty Doge of Venice from March 6, 1229 to May 2, 1249 when he abdicated and retired to private life,

-the urn of the Doge Renier Zen (or Reniero Zeno) forty-fifth Doge of Venice from 1253 to 1268,
-the fourteenth-century tomb of Marco Giustiniani of Bragora,

Alvise-Diedo monument, a member of the Council of Ten, who brought back from Constantinople the Venetian fleet locked by Muhammad in the bay (1453)

-the great Doge Leonardo Loredan the seventy-fifth Doge of Venice, (October 2, 1501 -21 June 1521) ready to shield with his body against the mortal danger that Venice had from the League of Cambrai (1508)
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90599/League-of-Cambrai
– monument to Marcantonio Bragadin , Venetian hero flayed alive by the Turks , contains
the remained of the skin of the Venetian hero , preserved in an urn , and the bust of the ” greatest hero of the Serenissima” , reminds us of the siege and fall of Famagusta (1571) ;

http://dipoco.altervista.org/venice-martyrdom-bragadin/

The great battle of Lepanto, is commemorated in the monument of the official Lordship :
( Chapel of Our Lady of the Rosary) , where are the remains of Sebastiano Venier , Admiral, winner of Lepanto , elected doge the age of 81 .It was the eighty-sixth Doge of Venice from 11 June 1577-3 March 1578 .

In the Horse’s Chapel, houses the tombs of the ducal family of Francesco and Sebastiano
Venier and fifteenth-century monument to the Doge Antonio Venier ( October 21, 1382 -23 November 1400 ), the sixty-second Doge of Venice.
– the monuments, of Istrian stone , to the Doge Alvise I Mocenigo, Giovanni Mocenigo ( the seventy-second Doge of Venice) , and Pietro Mocenigo ( the seventieth Doge of Venice) , the sepulchres of the doge Alvise I ,Alvise III Sebastian, Alvise IV Giovanni of the wellknown family Mocenigo,

– tomb of the Doge Andrea Vendramin , ( March 4, 1476 May 5, 1478 ) was the seventy-first Doge of Venice. On the sides niches there are two statues of ” Armed men ” , by Lorenzo Bregno.The two statues came to replace Adam (signed by Tullio ) and Eve ( probably by Francesco Segala ), very rare in the funeral art but unsuitable for their nakedness. The statues removed ended at Palazzo Vendramin Calergi , where they became the property of the Duchess of Berry , Adam was then sold to Collections Dreyfus and Pereire finishing first in Paris and then at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Eva is still at Ca ‘ Vendramin . http://dipoco.altervista.org/the-casino-of-venice/

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The successor of Julian the Emperor Jovian (363-364), repealed the persecution against the Christians, and commissioned the Bizante senator, and his son Pammachius to search for the bodies of two brothers, Once found, the same senator and Pannachio, his son,erected a basilica above their home in the 398.
-monument to the Doge Nicolo Marcello, Doge of Venice (August 13, 1473 -1 December 1474) by Pietro and Tullio Lombardo, built between 1481 and 1485.The Doge Nicolo Marcello coined a new currency: the silver sixpence called, not surprisingly, “marcello.” With no direct descendants, he left much of his inheritance to the poors.He died on December 1, 1471, attending the procession to the transfer of the command of the Venetian fleet to Antonio Loredan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Marcello

-monument to the Doge Tommaso Mocenigo, Doge of Venice sixty-fourth (January 7, 1414 – April 4, 1423) made in the first half of the fifteenth century, combines Gothic Renaissance elements, in addition to denote a certain influence of Donatello. Here it was used for the first time in the canopy fabric.
– the urn of Doge Giovanni Dolfin , elected doge , after the death of Giovanni Gradenigo , August 13, 1356 – ? 1361.

– monument to the Doge Marco Cornaro or Corner – the fifty-ninth Doge of Venice July 21 1365-13 January 1368 .

– monument to the Doge Pasquale Malipiero , sixty-sixth Doge of Venice from October 30, 1457 -7 May 1462 ,by Peter Lombard ,

The Doge Silvestro Valier . He was the last doge buried in the Basilica around 1700.

They are buried here also Attilio and Emilio Bandiera and Domenico Moro , the protagonists of the Risorgimento.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1345637/Bandiera-brothers

On the altar of the chapel of Blessed James Salomoni , or the Name of Jesus , is preserved body of Blessed James Salomoni Dominican (Venice , 1231 – Forlì , 1314 ) , invoked to protect tumors .The vault is adorned with paintings of John the Baptist Lorenzetti and Pietro Liberi . Canova considered it ” a real gem of art.”

Even Palma il Giovane erected here a monument for himself, his father Palma Vecchio and Titian.
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Under the Basilica of Saints John and Paul Celimontana , hidden among medieval arches and buttresses of the path of the Imperial Forums ,have been found , in 1887, the remains of a Roman villa (two floors) inhabited by Christians , with the small compartment of the ” confession ” that bears frescoes of scenes of martyrdom , witnessed by innumerable quotations in Canons both Roman and Ambrosian , language under which there is a mass grave for the burial of two bodies.

The back wall of the right transept is dominated by a magnificent Gothic window with stained glass , beautifully lighted , completed by Gian Antonio Licino Lodi. By the end of the fifteenth century the glass factories of Venetian island of Murano , employing techniques to get the glass and raw materials.
To color the glass is added to the crucible of the oxides of manganese for (purple), cobalt (blue), copper ( aquamarine , green and red ) and iron ( yellow, green) . The final color depended on the conditions and the manner in which the merger was conducted .
Below the window you can see two Renaissance altars: one on the right is adorned alms of St. Antonino, altarpiece painted in 1542 by about Lorenzo Lotto, the left by Christ between Sts Peter and Andrew, by Rocco Marconi. At the center, under a canopy, is preserved the chair of the Doge.

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It is possible that the data , the time and place in which some martyrs died can not be determined with absolute accuracy, but it is certain that the true love of Christ, has helped many Christians to choose a death that will lead to the “eternal life” instead of a life “like a dead.”
Some works that speak of the Italian Renaissance , and the Venetian one in particular can be found : In the chapels of the right side , with gilded wooden ceiling of Tintoretto and Palma il Giovane, with paintings by Titian ” Martyrdom of St. Peter” and ” Madonna and Saints “by Giovanni Bellini, ” the Adoration of the Shepherds “,” Lady of the Assumption and the Annunciation ” by Veronese .In the altar dedicated to St. Vincent, there is a painting by Giovanni Bellini, tempera on panel, dated to 1464-1470 which depicts some miracles of St. Vincent, (dedicated to the Spanish Dominican St Vincent Ferrer, Valencia, January 23, 1350 – Vannes , April 5 1419)
In the chapel of San Domenico, the ceiling fresco by Giovanni Battista Piazzetta . It is the masterpiece of the Venetian rococo at the Basilica of Saints John and Paul.

In the fascinating interior of the basilica are some wonderful paintings of medieval times , including the altarpiece by Lorenzo Lotto , which has influences of Titian,” Jesus Meets Veronica ” by Carlo Caliari , ” St. Michael defeats Lucifer ,” Bonifacio” by Pitati , ” Martyrdom of Santa Cristina ” by Sante Peranda , ” Washing of the Feet and Eucharistic Supper ” by Benedetto Caliari , ” St. Dominic saves the sailors , inviting them to pray the rosary ” by Padovanino , ” Jesus died ” of John the Baptist Zelotti , ” San Francisco, above the door “, Angelo Lion , ” Honorius III ” of Leandro Bassano , in the Chapel of the Rosary, dedicated to the battle of Lepanto in 1571 , are placed works of Paolo Veronese.

In this immense treasure , crucial to Venice you find great monuments of architecture by Nino Pisano , Peter and Tullio Lombardo , Alessandro Vittoria , Giuseppe Maria Mazza, Gianmaria Morlaiter, Bonazza John ,and masterpieces of painting Giovanni Bellini , Lorenzo Lotto , Cima da Conegliano , Paolo Veronese ,Giambattista Piazzetta …

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John and Paul were venerated as saints , and their names were included in the Canon of the Mass .The Catholic Church celebrates the liturgical memorial of them on June 26. Especially in German-speaking countries, but not only, the two saints are considered “Wetterheiligen”, the protectors against storms and, in general, the adverse weather conditions.

In 1806, under the Napoleonic occupation, the Dominicans were removed from their convent, which was turned into a hospital. The church was deprived of numerous works of art. In 1867, a fire completely burns and destroys the Chapel of the Rosary “Madonna and Child with Saints” by Giovanni Bellini (1476) and “The Killing of St. Peter Martyr” by Titian, two works that revolutionized the idea of ” framework for the altar”.
The restoration of this chapel ends in 1959.

Here are the opening hours: daily 7:30 to 12:30 and 15:30 to 19:30
(telephone +39 041 5235913).

The entrance to the Church of San Giovanni e Paolo is free for residents,
the ticket for the tourists is 2.50 €.

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Great conspiracy in Venice

Great conspiracy of Tiepolo in Venice and the old woman of the mortar.

In 1310 was born a great conspiracy against the government of the Republic of Venice, led by the patricians Marco Querini, BajamonteTiepolo and Badoero Badoer.

One of the underpass ( sotoportego), the bridge near San Marco square,are called Dai.That name comes from the exclamation (Dalli), take them, alluding to the conspiracy
against the republic implemented by the noble Baiamonte Tiepolo .Near the present clock tower,in San Marco square, on the balcony overlooking the Mercerie Meridionali (Southern Tailors ) in Sotoportego Capello nero (“black cap ” from the name of an ancient inn), there is a marble relief that recalls the “old woman with the mortar” . On the floor below there is a stone with the date of the event.
In ‘1310, June, a revolt upsets Venice. Three young nobleman :Baiamonte Tiepolo, Marco Querini and Badoero Badoer turned against the Doge Pietro Gradenigo, and wanted to establish a new oligarchic government favorable to the papacy.
The war of Ferrara , strongly supported by the Venetian aristocrats, made the pope lose a city that guaranteed the access to the Po river, as well as the salt marshes of Comacchio.

The Papal aleance (which joined the main Italian states, penetrated Ferrara ,thanks in part to a plague, which reduced the ability of the defense of the city).The Doge Pietro Gradenico is proved adamant in defending the independence of the Republic against the Pope. But this decision poses against a group of old families who considered immoral to rebel against the will of the Pope . The conspiracy led by the three nobles was also unhappy about the fact that the Grand Council prevented many families , wealthy and ambitious , but lacking the necessary qualifications to participate in government. Meetings held by the conspirators in the Ca’Granda Querini , emerged the need to overthrow the aristocratic government and get rid of the Doge Gradenigo , ” the main culprit ,for the disastrous war with the Papacy , for the excommunication fallen over the city , the exclusion of many citizens by the government and the arbitrary justice against opponents “.

The action is set for the dawn of Sunday, June 14, 1310. The attack will be given with three troops of armed men.The first two troops , commanded by Marco Querini and Tiepolo Bajamonte , starting from Rialto will attack simultaneously the San Marco Square , the first from the north- west , through the Calle dei Fabbri , the second from the north , across “via delle Mercerie” (the street of the Haberdashers) , surprising the guards of the Palazzo Ducale.
The third troop , commanded by Badoero Badoer , went to pick up people from the areas of Padova, and would return to Venice in boats .
The Doge , warned by Marco Dona , (that after joining the conspiracy , change his mind) ,convene the council and the heads of the great families, alarms Arsenale and ordered the mayor of Murano, Burano and Chioggia to intercept the boats of Badoer . The three troops are not synchronized ,the mens of Tiepolo stops to to pillage the Rialto zone, Badoer is blocked into a storm.The troops of Querini taking ” Calle dei Fabbri”, tip on the Square through the ” Bridge of Dai”. He arrived in Piazza San Marco the first, but was defeated by the troops of the Doge, ready to respond to the attack. Marco Querini (the father in law of Tiepolo), and Benedict ( brother in law), son of Marco Querini perished in the crash .

While the Doge’s guards fight against Marco Querini,the troops of Tiepolo is trapped in the narrow space of haberdashery, before reaching the San Marco square.In this place is consumed one of the most amazing events in the history of the Serenissima:

An elderly woman, widow and poor, whose name was Lucia or Giustina Rossi lived in the area of Southern Tailors (Mercerie Meridionali), a few meters from the Clock Tower. According to tradition, she was the unwitting savior of the Doge. Worried for the tumult and the shouting, out of the window, the old woman had inadvertently drop a mortar on the head of standard-bearer, the soldier next to Tiepolo, who bore the banner with the inscription “Libertas”, killing him. The fact that at the same time they were attacked by the Duke’s guards, led them to the idea that the conspiracy was discovered, and caused the general retreat of the rebels.

In gratitude for the old woman who had knocked down the conspiracy of Tiepolo, the Doge himself conceded to the woman and his descendants the right to display on the window the banner of St. Mark’s (Venice’s flag) on the 15th of June and the other solemnity. The woman also asked that the procurators of San Marco, the owners of the house where he lived, and the beneath shop, to maintained the annual rent of the “house from which he had made the gesture that had saved the Serenissima” (15 ducats) forever, to all its descendants.
“The repression of the conspiracy was immediate. Bajamonte Badoer was tried and beheaded, Tiepolo, and its close allies (who enjoyed the protection of important foreign
personalities, the Pope, and many Venetian families of the Great Council) were exiled for four years in Slavonia
It was decided “the demolition of the house of Tiepolo in the parish of St. Augustine (in its place was installed in 1364, a “column of infamy”. Now in memory of the event remains an engraved stone on the corner of Campo Sant’Agostin, with the following inscription: “LOC. COL. BAI. tHE. MCCCX” Here was located the column of Baiamonte 1310), and the
Ca ‘Granda Querini palace,from which remain only two large arches, which in 1339 were incorporated into the new headquarters of the slaughter of Rialto.
The remaining insurgents captured in Rialto were pardoned on condition that they did an
act of submission to the Doge and to the Republic.

To counteract the new aristocratic conspiracies against the order of the Republic, the Grand Council created the Council of Ten http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/ten-council-of.html (July 10, 1310), and a citizen militia under the command of Capisestiere, who responded to the call “loose ” of the bells of St. Mark .

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Ca Dario palace Venice

Ca Dario palace

Ca Dario palace is famous for the supposed curse ,that is still over it. The Ca Dario palace is situated ,in Venice ,in the district of Dorsoduro , overlooks the Grand Canal.
All its owners have ended badly ,for the bankruptcy or violent death.The construction started in 1479 by Giovanni Dario (Ambassador to the Republic of Venice) and had to be dowry for his daughter Marietta, promised in marriage to a wealthy spice merchant, Vincenzo Barbaro, (owner of the homonymous palace in Campo San Vio ). The building was commissioned by the architect Pietro Lombardo.

Ca Dario palace, is built over an ancient Templar cemetery and due to a settling of the foundation is visibly tilted to the right. (The foundation is solid, the walls hold up very well – according to the the expertise of the Municipality). The façade in the Renaissance style, with beautiful circular medallions and marbles that decorate it, and with the sides in Gothic style, very popular in Venice.
At the base of the building is the inscription:
VRBIS GENIUS JOHN DARIUS (John [Giovanni] Dario patron of the city), to the fact that in 1479, managed to negotiate a peace with the Turks.

In 1908 Claude Monet use the building as a subject for a series of impressionist paintings. Ca Dario is often described as a “characteristic Venetian palace “, often compared to the Ca d’Oro. Ca Dario palace caught the attention of John Ruskin who described the decorations in his famous “The Stones of Venice” .D’Anunzio also describes it : “crooked as a courtesan bent under the pump of his jewelry.”

The tragic fate that has followed most of its owners is attributes to a curse, that is in contradiction with beauty of the palace. After the death of Darius Giovanni (1494 ) , the palace was inherited by his daughter Marietta and then passes into the possession of the Barbaro family until the early nineteenth century.” Marietta , the daughter of Giovanni Dario committed suicide when her husband Vincenzo Barbaro losing its political influence , died stabbed , in the midst of financial collapse”. Even their son died in Candia (now Iraklion , one of the Venetian possessions in the island of Crete ), in mysterious conditions. These three deaths caused a bad sensation among the Venetians who anagramate the inscription on the façade , transforming it in :SVB RVINA INSIDIOSA GENERO ( create insidious ruin ) .

The bad reputation of the building began to take shape in the early nineteenth century, when the descendants of the Barbaro family , Alessandro Barbaro sold it to Arbit Abdoll , an Armenian merchant of precious stones, which shortly after taking possession of the dwelling did bankrupt. In 1838 , Abdoll , was forced to sell Ca Dario palace for 480 pounds to Rawdon Brown , who, sold it four years later, because had no money to renovate it. After a long period of time Radon Brown, the British scientist who became owner of the building in 1832 died mysteriously , apparently by suicide,together with his roommate.
After the war, Ca Dario was bought by Charles Briggs, an American millionaire, who, was forced “to flee” from Venice because of the continuous rumors about his homosexuality. Taking refuge in Mexico, his lover committed suicide.

Remained without an owner,for a long time, in 1964 one of the possible buyers was the tenor Mario Del Monaco, but the negotiations broke down when, on his way to Venice to finalize the details of the contract, was the victim of a serious car accident that forced him to a long rehabilitation.

A few years later ,Ca Dario palace was bought by Count Lanze Philip Giordano, who was killed inside , in 1970, by a Yugoslav sailor named Raul Blasich (18 years),with whom he was in an intimate affair. After the murder Blasich, fled to London, where was assassinated.
Ca Dario palace was then purchased by Christopher ” Kit” Lambert , manager of the rock band “The Who” , but his drug dependency worsened and he breaks his relationship with the band , causing its financial meltdown . In 1978 , three years before his death ( falling down the stairs , it was hypothesized suicide ) Kit Lambert sold the palace to a Venetian businessman , Fabrizio Ferrari, who moved there with her sister Nicole, which died in a freak car accident with no witnesses. Fabrizio Ferrari , after a short time , was involved in a financial crash and was arrested on charges of beating a photomodel.
At the end of the eighties , the building was purchased by financier Raul Gardini , who wanted to make a gift to his daughter . After a series of economic downturns and involvement in the “Tangentopoli” scandal,he committed suicide in 1993 in circumstances that were never fully clarified .

The explanation of the deaths , according to some theories , is that Ca Dario palace rise over an alleged negative node of energy that flows through the city . Others hypothesis is that Ca Dario palace is influenced by the talisman designed to ward off negativity placed on the door of the near palace .
But it’s not always necessary to give credence to the legends . In the nearly five centuries of owners , some just have a bad end , among which only one was killed inside the palace . All the others lived their lives in peace. The term ” curse” began to appear only since the nineties , after the suicide of Gardini. Before that the Ca Dario palace was the seat of prestigious events , precisely due to its rich history , which makes us think that there is
nothing evil between those walls .
It is said many things abuot it, for example Ca Dario palace is still inhabited by the ghosts of previous owners.The Venetians believe it . Many of them keep away from the building.

You can found the documented history of the Ca Dario palace at : http://veneziacriminale.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/ca-dario-tra-maledizioni-e-realta-storica/

After the death of Ca Dario Gardini , do not stir up any interest in the market . At the end of the nineties the director and actor Woody Allen seemed willing to purchase the building, but desisted . On 2006, the Ferruzzi group concludes the preliminary round with a wealthy American entrepreneur , who has won Ca ‘ Dario palace, 800 square meters overlooking the Grand Canal , for only € 8 million . There are more than 15 years that is expected these news.

Ca Dario Residence (not the palace)

has been recently renovated and from private home was transformed into a cozy guest house that offers its guests comfortable rooms, all soberly arredate. The residence is housed in a former convent and has a private courtyard .Situated about a 15 minute walk from the Saint Lucia train station , Ca Dario Residence offers a range of accommodation in the historic districts of Santa Croce and Cannaregio. The rooms are equipped with free Wi-Fi .It is also located close to the Jewish Ghetto, (850 meters from the residence Ca Dario.) http://dipoco.altervista.org/venice-the-ghetto-of-the-jewish/ All apartments have air conditioning, kitchenette and satellite TV.

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The Casino of Venice

The Casino of Venice
The origin of the word Casino (small house) provides a clear description of these places: small but cozy and intimate places, where you could meet friends. The first gambling house (the Foyer of St. Moses) was born in Venice in 1638. http://dipoco.altervista.org/gambling-venice/
In 1946 the municipality of Venice buys Ca ‘ Vendramin Calergi palace, and opens on the second floor of the building, the headquarters of the Venice Casino.

In the 1930, is made up the Lido of Venice’s Casino.

On 1999 was inaugurated at Ca ‘Noghera near the airport ,a new casino, the first American casino opened in Italy.

The Casino of Venice is immediately established itself as the center of entertainment for international notoriety. The heart of the Venice, beat on the Grand Canal at Ca ‘Vendramin Calergi, site of the classic games casino.

Around 1481, the family Loredan (Andrea Loredan, powerful exponent of the Venetian nobility, a family from were came three Venetian Doges ) built the future casino. The decorations of the interior walls were made from the “most brilliant among the builders of the Renaissance” Mauro Codussi. The walls, are covered with stucco ( actually once were decorated with frescoes which were the allegorical figures, painted by Giorgione,the famous painter). But ,in 1581, the Loredan family, in financial difficulties,were forced to sell the building, and after several passages of property, passed to Calergi. In 1739, the Vendramin family, linked by kinship with the Calergi family became the new owners of the building , and so ,the palace took the name of these two families linked by kinship Vendramin Calergi.

With an renaissance Venetian style , residence of the Doges ( Loredan family ) , residence of Richard Wagner , is one of the most elegant buildings overlooking the Grand Canal. Ca’Vendramin Calergi palace has a ground floor , with access to water from the Grand Canal , the main floor , featuring a large central hall and three smaller rooms decorated in the renaissance style. The interiors of the palace are impetuous . From the ceiling frescoes in chiaroscuro (light and shade),with allegories (The Bridal Allegory , painted by Gian Battista Crosato , Venetian painter 1700), leather upholstery golden or crimson damask, faux finishing or white and gray coating, the beautiful paintings ( by Nicolò Bambini , a Venetian painter of the late seventeenth century ) , has all the charm of the Renaissance style . The floors in Venetian style, very hard to find other,” self sustained wooden planks”, like “upturned keels of the boats ” that , by virtue of their particular architecture ,oscillate when walked on.

Near the seventeenth-century wing (called White Wing ) ,to the right side of the building, is a decent garden , also accessible from the canal through a gate whose pillars are topped by two large statues. On the back of the building is a small courtyard , enclosed on one side by a wall, from which , in addition to an elegant entrance is a plaque that commemorates the death of Wagner who :” took place within the walls of the palace .”

Like almost all the palaces of Venice even this has its own deadly story , a terrible crime .

One night in 1658 the three Grimani brothers (sons of Vettor Calergi’s sister , who had married a Grimani ) ,kidnapped Francesco Querini Stampalia , their arch enemy and brought him into the palace . After a series of tortures the prisoner was killed , but the government of Venice discovered the crime, and the three Grimani were banished forever from the territories of the Republic. The rooms of the building where Querini had been murdered was demolished and in its place was built a column of infamy to commemorate the event .But the three brothers Grimani managed to return to Venice in 1660, paying a bribe to the Republic ( 7350 ducats to support the war against the Turks ) , rebuilt the rooms destroyed and “all was forgotten”.
Until a short time ago, the beautiful palace Ca’Vendramin Calergi was the winter Venice Casino , but the municipality were allowed to have even a summer casino on the Lido island. The idea of the construction of the Casino Lido in Venice was founded in 1936. At Lido was chosen an area close to the beautiful Hotel Excelsior on a former Austrian fort which allowed the use of the foundations and much of the demolished masonry for the building of the new casino . The Lido Casino were built in just eight months , inaugurated on June 30, 1938 and was the last of the great Venetian inauguration of the Fascist era.

The interiors of the palace were decorated with most beautiful light marbles, mirrors, glass and majestic chandeliers . The Casino has a ballroom , a mechanical stage , which ” … installed in the center of the room … was a particular technical innovation by being the first in this genre built in Italy.” This rich Palace functioned as Casino only fifty years after being equipped with heating, air conditioning and security , at the end of the nineties was closed ,for the building of the new Casino of Ca ‘ Noghera .

Currently it is re-opened only at the Venice International Film Festival and licensed for use, for those days , by the Cultural Society ” La Biennale di Venezia .”
Casino of Lido became known in 1984 with the famous robbery made by Felice Maniero , who ensure “the protection racket” of the Casino. When he was no longer being paid , he decided to rob it .

“Felice Maniero, boss of the “Mala del Brenta ” gang – robbery of billions against the Casino of Venice – (il Gazzettino ,the local newsparer)

It was a night in April 1984 , the roulette had closed from half an hour .
The attak was safe , with the ” sure informations ” from a croupier bought by Mario Artuso , the cashier of Mala . It was 2:43 a.m. when the commando enters on the ” stage” . The group is made up of seven people. That night wore also ski masks, guns in big quantity and the inevitable M16 gun. They come with a motor boat that is moored at a wharf near the Casino .They climbed over the wall that divides the Palazzo del Cinema (the place of the festival of the movie ), from the garden of the Casino ,and come screaming and showing their arms. The message is clear : this is a robbery and nobody joking . Five of the thugs go up to the third floor while two remain to wach the place. An office boy, a policeman and two controllers the are threatened to lie down on the floor room . On the third floor , in a room were some lingered players of the ” chemin de fer ” .Some rubbers , pushing them , throw them to the ground while others are already going to the chambers of safes . Will “clear” everything and in a few minutes, the bandits left the building with two and a half billion of italian lire in cash. ( 1 euro = 1,936 italian lire ).

In 1999 , close to the airport Marco Polo was born Ca ‘ Noghera , the first American-style casino in Italy . A dining tables 1000 square meters offers the best of American games (Fair Roulette, Black Jack and Poker ) . Now also offering important Punto Banco and a touch of the French game with the arrival of the Chemin de Fer and French Roulette . In addition, a poker room dedicated to the ” Texas hold ‘ em” in the form of tournament poker .

The traditional games ( or European ) in use in Italian casinos are: Trente et quarante ,French Roulette , Chemin de fer, Boule , Baccarat . In the year 1980 were introduced American games : American Roulette , Poker and Slots .
Entering the Club is easy: just make a request on the first visit to one of the two seats of the Casino Venezia.The cards and related benefits are issued immediately , free of charge and simple request.

Bad news comes from the municipality that wants to sell the Venice Casino .

” Casino di Venezia , we start with privatization.
Although they get on the casino double or triple its market value , there is nothing that undersell the history, culture and traditions of a territory, of a piece of Italy.One solution would be to put the gambling house on the internet with a broader international system , to beat the competition and maintain the attractiveness resource for tourism , an important city’s economy ” . The motivation …. the casino cost too much to the municipality has not the alleged receipts.

WARNING: The pathological gambling is a behavioral disorder that includes “azzardonella” a diagnostic category of obsessive-compulsive symptoms consisting of obsessive thoughts associated with particular actions or rituals to be performed, which attempt to neutralize the obsessions. The pathological player shows an increasing dependence on gambling, increasing the frequency of play, the time spent to play, the amount spent in an attempt to recoup the losses by investing more of its economic possibilities and neglecting the normal tasks of life to engage in play.

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Homosexuality in Venice in the Middle Age

The word homosexuality was created by merging the greek word “omoios”, which means
similar and the Latin word “sexus”, which means ” sex,” and refers to ” a disposition to experience sexual , emotional or romantic attraction to persons of the same sex. ” Homosexuality is found in many animal species. The spread of homosexuality in humans is difficult to determine accurately , although in many ancient cultures homosexual relations were highly prevalent.

The history of homosexuality is also the story of social attitudes towards a possible behavior perceived as ” deviant “. The social attitude toward homosexual behavior has known moments of relative tolerance , during which the society admitted a certain degree of discussion and public exhibition of the topic, also through art and cultural productions ( for example in classical Athens , Renaissance in Tuscany , or Berlin and Paris before the war ) , however, alternating with moments of harsh repression .

eresy

With the birth of the gay movement , you can finally look at this world as a ‘community ‘ structured according to their values and their rituals .But how was seen in the past homosexuality. The male was brought up to be master and ruler in the erotic relationship , and this demanded to be also in the homosexual relationship. When speak about homosexuality at that times, speak almost automatically ,about a relationship between an adult and a boy of age between fourteen and eighteen (remember that at the time puberty came later).

One of the reasons , tacitly accepted even by parents , was “ to be initiated to sexuality, although, in a way felt as a ” surrogate” and certainly not satisfactory . ” The second important reason was the money (very important in a poor society like that .) The money that a guy could add to the family budget from prostitution were not frowned upon by all households and not all parents were willing to ask from where the money came.The third reason was to attract the attention of an adult ( another important aspect when the boy want to have a career) .It was good use among the nobles to agree to take home a “boy ” as roundsman, and in return he could take it to bed without problems.In the Middle Age in Venice were the so-called ” boccia da cullo”.

homosexuality

The Serenissima Republic emits laws, which punish harshly the conduct “against nature” ;the homosexuality .Homosexuals were hanged between the two columns of the St. Mark square, and then burned until “they were reduced to ashes” .A really big blow staged the magistrates of the republic of Venice in 1407: thirty sodomites were discovered and prosecuted. The event , beyond the serious political complications which caused (fourteen defendants were nobles) becomes a great interest for us,because it is one of the first traces of a network of acquaintances among the sodomites in the Italian cities of the Middle Ages .

Mass arrests continue to punctuate the trial papers Venetian for centuries . We find another example already in 1422 : nineteen people involved , including three barbers and several minors , then in 1464 are indicted fourteen people ( including five nobles) , but many of them fleeing before being arrested.On 1474 six sodomites ,two of which nobles co-defendants. The story takes on the hues of a thriller when the accuser is mysteriously murdered.

homosexuality

But by the presence of the homosexuality ,speak to us even the very laws of Venice. One of them, in 1450 , mentions the arcades near the Rialto and the church of St. Martin as meeting places of sodomites . In addition, the Arsenal supervisors, where the church of St. Martin is, decided that ” at the

expense of our Treasury the portico of St.Martin , will be shut with big axis ,doing four doors on all four sides of the columns, which will be opened and closed in accordance with the timetable of the church .

san martino

” Five years after this decree , in 1455 , it was decided to patrol certain areas of Venice, to prevent that the sodomites find themselves in their meeting places.In 1488 an edict requires to close with wooden planks the porch of the church of Santa Maria Mater Domini for the same reasons it was already closed St. Martin porch. ” A further list of places “to watch” is drawn in a decree of 1496 , which lists : ” stores, country houses, schools, all the arcades, the houses of scaleteri (bakers), taverns, brothels ,houses of prostitutes . “Some decrees of the “Council of ten” promulgated in the same century , announce , to eradicate ” abhominabile vitium sodomiae . ” Were elected two nobles for only district who had to pick the college of deputies each Friday ,to investigate above the homosexuality . The doctors and barbers, called to treat any man or female, had three days to denounce their “secrets of love “. The members of the patrols will be required to interrogate and investigate if someone manages public places or houses that are called “country houses” (taverns), in which is committed illegal and dishonest acts, or if there are frequent street conversations between not apropriate age friends, ie adults conversing with boys. A new decree , this time to be monitored also scaleteri ( bakers ) , ” because we have been warned the fact that the home of many scaleteri of our city , many young people, and others of different ages and conditions,found by day and by night , and play here and keep tavern, and many commit dishonest acts and sodomy . ”

veronica franco

The most famous , processes, many cases against homosexuals or violence ” against nature” are those against Francesco Cercato who was hanged for sodomy between the columns of the Piazzetta San Marco in 1480 , and that Francesco Fabrizio , priest and poet, who was beheaded and burned in 1545 for the ” unspeakable vice .”The Counter-Reformation, the response to the reform of Martin Luther ( established by the Council of Trent, 1570) had as its purpose to ” imprint a more severe moral and Christian spirit .” The main problem of Venice, a country crossroads of people coming and going throughout the Mediterranean , homosexuality ( a common practice in Venice) was sentenced in Council of Trent .As a result of this reform , the Senate ,decreated that in some places of the city were allowed to put whores who “will showcase their virtues to attract a growing number of men and so firmly maintain the uses of an heterosexual culture“. On the “Carampane area ” , near the Rialto , Venice was one of the areas in which the prostitutes of Venice were forced to concentrate since the fifteenth century to the disposal of public order laws .In 1509 there were 11,654 courtesans in Venice surveyed ( out of a population of 150,000 inhabitants … )

http://dipoco.altervista.org/venice-history-courtesans/

It was not supposed to be easy for sodomites to live peaceful and without guilt . In a world dominated by the church the sin was punished not only by men but also by God.
Despite this, the homosexuality still persists, and occurs especially to young people ,that
could lead to difficulties in socializing and serious consequences for the individual,
including suicide.

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Gambling in Venice

Gambling began to spread in Venice since the sixteenth century, despite the prohibitions and punishments . A legend said that gambling was born between the columns of Marco and Todaro on San Marco square .
The Venetian term “azzardo ” mean gambling and comes from the arab word az- Zahr , which means dice: in fact the oldest gambling games were made using dice. Gambling , first the games for the nobles , were punished by the law with ” exclusion from public office if would be found home with gambling tables”. The Serenissima fought continuously against gambling that was practiced more and more,ending to think that it was easiest to allow this in a public and controlled place.
Gradually , the “casini”,Italian word meaning small apartment ,building or recreational use , once present in the gardens and parks of the great estates of nobility,in Venetian , meaning small rooms or small apartments that Venetian nobles rented outside of San Marco square to be closer to the Palazzo Ducale for the frequently meetings and sesions , spread throughout all the city. Places of rest were turned into places of pleasure and vice, with gambling , banquets, parties and prostitutes ,with a sumptuous decor , made to amaze and intrigue : mirrors arranged so as to multiply the attitudes of the people , crystal candelabras ,candlesticks of gilt bronze , marble and porcelain from China .

After the St. Mark’s gambling houses ,another was opened in San Moise then at St. Luke , St. Frantin , San Salvador, San Barnaba.The gambling huose were for all tastes. Were those for educated people , those for the abbots (even for nuns ) , and for the normal people , shopkeepers , artisans and servants , on the outskirts of the city to ” be near the football champs.”

If the “Casino Municipale di Sanremo” inaugurated as the ” Kursaal” on January 12, 1905, claims to be the oldest in Italy, the first gambling house in Venice and the first oficial “Ridotto” the nowdays “Casino ” was opened in 1638.

In 1638 the nobleman Marco Dandolo take the official permission to open a public casino gambling in his palace , where people could ” ridurre ” ( term used by 1282 ), mean to find themselves at certain times of the year , especially during the carnival (which at that times lasted six months) , to have fun with gambling games .

At the end of the sixteenth century , the term reduced “ridotto” (sometimes replaced by the French equivalent , foyer ) will usually indicate an intellectual “reduced” ,the halls of a theater, where the audience gathers to speak between the intervals of the acts.

The most frequent gambling games were: basset, faro and birbiss ( “our” roulette ), but perhaps the most famous game at the time was the outperforms (the english ” backgammon ” of our day ) .

The gaming tables were controlled by ” barnabotti “, Venetian nobles, who performed the function of ” croupier “of our modern casino (being the dealer or just working for the money lenders ). Their name comes from their habit to meet themselves in the area of St Barnabas square – where activated a famous gambling house. The gambling houses or “ridotti” soon earned an high reputation. Becoming a place frequented by many travelers attracted by the Venetian carnival that offered most intense and extravagant theatrical season in Europe, the noble men,but also every “kind” of people ( adventurers , prostitutes , travelers, etc. .. ) were ” ridotti” , retired , for various reasons: gambling , the pleasures of the courtesans ,the social and political relations ,affairs.

All the guests had a mask and they could be of any social rank if they had money for gambling. Under to the Bauta mask and the cloak hid noble, courtesans , foreign ministers ,princes, prelates. In few hours around these tables were played entire fortunes , lands, villas , estates , mansions , jewelry, and everything was done in silence, under the masks . The receipts to the state coffers were incredibly high .Venice masks : http://dipoco.altervista.org/venice-carnival-masks/
And in this ” Ridotto”,the first gambling house, (now the Hotel Monaco & Grand Canal) Giacomo Casanova’s legends been borned and is here were he became famous for his achievements .Venice -Giacomo Casanova turistic guide-
http://dipoco.altervista.org/venice-giacomo-casanova-turistic-guide/

Over the years, the Dandolo palace was renovated and the main hall was transformed into the theater. The theater of Buleghin ( Arturo Buleghin , a former partisan who returned from France , carrying in his eyes and in the heart the vibrant culture of French theater ), but still had several small rooms were were still consumed “amorous intrigues” , “scenes of jealousy” , or normal refreshments.

In November 27, 1774 the Council of Ten did close the reduced calling it ” pernicious source of evil to the republic and the state”. But this wasn’t enough to put an end to the phenomenon . At the end of the republic of Venice could been counted one hundred and thirty six gambling houses.

The casino has always had a special appeal in the collective imagination , fueled by literature , cinema and other media.Hundreds of films have dealt directly or indirectly gambling houses , so each of us has an image of what kind of games played on these houses.
In our day , notwithstanding the penal code , in Italy there are four licensed casinos located at: Champion of Italy ( Campione Casino ) , Saint-Vincent ( Casino de la Vallée) , Sanremo ( Sanremo Casino ), Venice ( Casino Venice) .

The traditional games ( or European games ) in use in the Italian casinos are : French Roulette , Trente et quarante , Chemin de fer, Boule , Baccarat . In the year 1980 were introduced American games like: American Roulette , Poker and Slots .

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The courtesan Veronica Franco

The courtesan Veronica Franco the only daughter of Paola and Francesco Franco was born in Venice in 1546. The daughter of a “honest” courtesan Veronica Franco was started in this art from her mother at a young age and, as she had learned to use her natural talents, she managed to contract a financially favorable marriage .He had three brothers: Jerome, who died during the plague on 1575, Horace and Seraphim, “which is in the hands of the Turks” as she wrote in her testament. She got married very young with a rich doctor, but the marriage ended badly (in 1582 he was already dead).

veronica franco

Being a courtesan allowed her to study, to have the freedom and independence while
the noble women could neither study nor take decisions outside of the run of the housework.She could read, be interested in art, poetry, inviting the great intellectuals of that time in her living room . Between all these friendships met Tintoretto who dedicated her a beautiful portrait.The courtesan Veronica Franco, was an complete intellectual : writer, musician, curator of collections of poetry, essayist,and that wasn’t an isolated case. This kind of ” intellectual” prostitute had a selected customer. Among her protectors was Marcantonio della Torre, in charge of Verona, Lodovico Ramberti,from an ancient and illustrious family, Guido Antonio Pizzamano, employed by the judiciary in the “avogadori” http://dipoco.altervista.org/venezia-camerlenghi-palace/ ,the public tax.

For all these quality she became a high-ranking courtesan . Was included in the “Catalogue of most honorate courtesans of Venetia ” (published around 1565 ) , which provided the list name, address and the rates of courtesans of the city , according to which a ” kiss of these courtesan cost five or six shields . ” Thanks to her friendship with the wealthy and prominent members of the time,soon became very well known .

In 1574 her reputation as a high-ranking courtesan reached its peak when Henry III of Valois , making a stop in Venice on July 18 to 28 ( Serenissima welcomed him with 11 days of celebrations , organized by artists such as Andrea Palladio , Andrea Gabrieli, Paolo Veronese and Tintoretto ) , during the journey that brought him back from Poland to France, “chose, to spend a night with Veronica “. In memory of the encounter with the illustrious guest ,Veronica gave him, her portrait (maybe a little colored enamel ) with a letter accompanied by two sonnets :” Come talor dal ciel sotto umil tetto” e “Prendi, re per virtù sommo e perfetto”.” Sometimes from heaven under the humbly roof ” and “Take ,a king for supreme and perfect virtues” .

veronica franco

At the beginning of 1570 , became part of one of the most famous literary circles of the city, participating in discussions , making donations and taking care of anthologies of poetry. Related with the intellectual Venetian aristocracy she made friends the famous artists and writers . Assiduously attended the famous literary circle ” Ca ‘ Venier ” that revolved around Domenico Venier , ingenious poet , entertainer and patron of the association , as well as her trusted advisor, and perhaps reviewer of her writings.
Of that academy of virtuous as she calls herself in a letter, were : Gradenigo G. , C. Magno , G. Molin , J. Zane ,as well as Venier : Dominic, his brother Lorenzo , Marco ( often appearing as a correspondent of her ” Loving rhymes”)In 1575 , during the epidemic of plague that devastated the city ,the courtesan Veronica Franco was forced to leave Venice and ,after the sacking of his house and its possessions , lost much of her riches. She appeal the ecclesiastical authority to obtain an an order for delivery by the patriarch .In October 1575 appear before the tribunal of the Holy Office “Veronica Franco public courtesan” , accused of immorality and suspected of witchcraft ( a common accusation to the courtesans ) following the acusations of ,Vannitelli Ridolfo , who testified to having seen her” resorting to witchcraft and demonic invocations to find the goods that had been stolen “. In particular, a practice very much in vogue at the time, called ” inghistara “, done with a jug full of holy water.

The court absolved her, perhaps, by the intervention of Venetian politicians .

At the age 34 seems that she decided to leave the profession of courtesan and to devote herself to charitable works ,as is shown by her Memorial . Veronica Franco wrote two volumes of poetry : “Third rhymes” in 1575 and “Letters to various family members” in 1580. She also published collections of letters , gathered in an anthology of the works of famous writers After the success of these works , she founded a charity for courtesans and their children .

veronica

After 1580 is little known about her life, however, the extant documents bear the fact that, even if she obtained the freedom,she lost all the wealth and material goods.
Her death follows from the magistrate’s Obituaries for Health “1591 July 22. Ms. Veronica Franca 45 years with fever already 20 days . S. Moses church. ”

In 1509, Venice, according to the chronicler of the “diaries of Marin Sanudo”, there were 11,654 prostitutes http://dipoco.altervista.org/venice-history-courtesans/ and a population of about 150 thousand people. About 10% of the population. Even in Rome, the city of the Popes, were approximately 10%, 6,800 in 1490 and 4,900 in 1526. The prostitutes were not only numerous, they were also very visible.

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Venetian Modern masks

The modern celebration of the Carnival of Venice has reinvigorated the art and craft of making Venetian masks.Recognizable types of Venetian masks continue to dazzle tourists, and the participants during the Carnival.The homemade modern masks in Venice has begun nearly 25 years ago. You can find many laboratories with a wide choice of models.Like all other Venetian masks,the modern masks are authentic handcrafted masks for the Venezian ball. There are available different styles and colors , from the traditional Harlequin to Colombine ,unique colorful masks .Here you can find the perfect venetian modern masks for all your needs. By purchasing a Venetian mask today for your next fancy dress party is like to buy a nice piece of Venetian history for your home or office.

The collection of animal masks

provides you an authentic hand-made Venetian masks , with animal faces . These animal masks are perfect to wear in any masquerade ball , Mardi Gras carnival or other events . Beautifully decorated ,the collection of animal masks certainly a great piece ,that can be worn both as a mask for the next dance and a
wonderful work of art, rich in ornaments such as the walls of some Venetian palaces.

Venetian Masks for ball.

From the great Venezian ball of the fifteenth century to the present days there is nothing more fascinating than a Venetian masked ball . You will always find a wide selection of masks to disguise. Each masks are handcrafted in Venice, Italy and have a certificate of authenticity . There are different styles , colors and designs from you can choose so you can find the perfect mask for the masquerade ball or for the carnival.

From the Luxury line,

elegant and stunning Venetian masks made of gold, laser-cut metal , adorned with authentic Swarovski crystals. Handmade masks from paper mache , beautifully decorated with ” antique white ” , tarot cards form, black cat,drawings in black and white or antiqued with silver ornaments and artificial lights.All the masks are handmade and painted in Venice , Italy .All the masks are unicate,you can’t find two identical masks.

The masks are signed by the artist and include a certificate of authenticity on the inside . Wearing Venetian masks has spread in North and South America ,at Halloween, masquerade balls , carnivals and other events, but all these characters carried out the rich Italian history.

For those interested in buying a mask online can visit:
http://www.visionsofvenice.com/subcat.asp?cat=1&subcat=37&/Venetian+Masks/Venetian+Luxury+Mask+Line+-+Linea+di+Lusso

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The Venezian Carnival masks

Venetian carnival masks are the representative objects in Venice, because it shows the spirit of Venice projected towards the transgression and fun. The carnival masks were worn in many occasions and for many months of the year. In the eighteenth century, Venice enjoyed the reputation of having the world’s most famous Carnival, where participated all social classes, and carnival mask representing the trick for the great magic of the collective meetings.The “comedia dell’arte” and carnival masks:

carnival masks -Columbine
A traditionally character in the historical theater “Commedia delll arte”, Colombina has become one of the most famous Venetian carnival masks .This mask is completely handmade ,from paper mache , a very light mask ,was perfect to wear , to the masquerade ball and on other carnival festivities.Born in Venice was unique female mask to penetrate in the midst of so many male characters .
As the character of the “commedia dell’arte” Columbine, the clever servant girl, very fond of her mistress, was cheerful and wise , crafty, lovely, lying, mischievous and pungent.She wore a cap of all the colors with some pretty curls comming out , a blue and white dress that stand out from the blue skirt and red stockings . Usualy has an apron with large pockets where she tuck love notes.She has also a blue bow on the buckle of the shoes.
On the scene, is often the wife or girlfriend of Harlequin , but she is often the subject of attention from the master Pantalone,or by his friends which provokes jealousy toHarlequin.

Masks for carnival – Jester ,or Jolly ,

is a specific form of clown well known in the Middle Ages. Starting from Italy , Jester moved across Europe , acting in the theater in Spain, Holland , Germany, Austria ,
England, and especially in France. Origins of the Jester is suppose to come from the west prehistoric tribal society . Pliny the Elder mentions a royal Jolly ( planus regius) recounting the Apelles’ visit to the royal palace palace of the Hellenistic King Ptolemy I. Jester was a symbolic twin of the king. All the clowns and fools in those days were regarded as special cases whom God had touched with a childlike madness, a gift, or perhaps a curse. People with intellectual disabilities sometimes find employment as behaving in a fun way , doing comical flips and jumps . In the harsh world of medieval Europe , people who may not be able to survive any other way found thus a social niche where they were protected.
Jesters wore typically brightly colored clothing in a motley pattern. Their hats were especially distinctive; made from rags,on the head, they were a floppy with three points, each of which had a bell at the end. The three points of the hat represent the donkey’s ears and the tail worn by earlier jesters . Other things distinctive about the jester were his incessant laughter and the mock scepter, known as a bauble or Marotte.Well known for his witty banter, or his fun personality, the mask Jester reminiscent of the eccentrics jokers who have kept the king and all his men in a cheerful mood,in the Middle Ages.
They were known in the Middle Ages, for their ability to really work with the crowd to “make people laugh” with the most fun tricks.
Carnival masks -Pulcinella

a classic character with the origins in the “Commedia dell’Arte” of the sixteen century . The face mask was black and white ,with a white coat , and his hair loose and disheveled . Comming from Campania ,Pulcinella, expressing the soul of the people of Naples has become a symbol mask in the theater. Its main feature which acquired its name , is his extremely long nose , which resembles with a beak.
Pulcinella name come from the latin word ” pullus gallinaceus” , which led to the word ” Pulliciniello ” and ” Pulcinella “, which means chick , to emphasize the comical tone as a hoarse cackle . Its traditional temperament is to be mean , vicious and cunning : the main mode of defense is to pretend to be too stupid to understand what’s going on , looking for gimmicks to escape the oppression of the powerful,or the greed of the rich men. His secondary mode is to physically beat the people . Is extremely entangled in the most minute problems of food, basic necessities that sharpen his wits and his imagination . Little desire to work and a lot of fun , it is always busy looking for solutions to accomplish this his goal. Like many others, characters is a servant in all the spectacles.

In the eighteenth century it was transformed into a puppet . In 1600 Pulcinella was “adopted” by the British under the name of Punch, the English variation of the Punch and Judy.

Carnival masks – Zanni,
A venetian word ,is a version of the name John ( also called Gianni,Zan , Zane , Zuane ) ,a very common name in the Lombardy,the Venetian countryside ,from where came most of the Lombard ancestors emigrated to Venice to work as servants,for the nobles and wealthy Venetian merchants .Zanni is the archetype of the comic servant characters of the Commedia dell’Arte . Opposed to the Magnificent ( the teacher, the old name of the Venetian mask of Pantalone ), the role of Zanni is very variable : silly , naive, and vulgar, doubling in the two types of smart and silly servant , Zanni was a character in its own right and who lived his own life . But once inside the city environment, Zanni becomes crafty , cunning , and bold .Strongly tied to the land , to the rural life , the symbol par excellence of the crude and vulgar character of the peasant,but often remains poor , constantly hungry . Zanni ‘s costume is a white coat and pants,a normally dress worn by peasants during the work in the fields , a particular hat off around the head , but especially with a long visor , a bit like that of goliards college a few decades ago. He wore a black mask that resembles his more popular descendant , Arlecchino .

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Venice carnival masks

Venice carnival masks
Venetian carnival masks have a long history . The Venetians have always had the habitude of wearing carnival masks and fancy clothes , not just during the Carnival period , but also on many other occasions during the year. .Of course the reason that made them dress up and hide their faces with carnival masks in particular times and places was obvious ;they did not want to be recognized.The women disguised themselves with carnival masks not only to not be recognized , but also to have a better conspicuousness They disguise themself when they gambling at “Ridotto”gambling house,because they wouldn’t be recognized by their creditors who gave them no respite.

the Bauta
The term derives from the verb ” behuten “,a German word seems : to protect the wearer ,or from the esclamation ” bau ” (or ” bogey” ) , a typical Italian representation of the monster, beast or bad ,used by adults to frighten the childrens.The mask have a black veil ( also white or blue and even scarlet ) called ‘ cloak ‘ or ‘ little cloak ‘ , which, starting from the neck covers the shoulders . It is the same type of dress for everyone , easy to confuse the different social classes.The cloak or mantle was a little dress owned by everyone from the poor to the aristocrats, weared by strangers but also by the robbers. The mask was completed by a black tricorn hat and a white mask enlarged and protruding upper lip under a protruding nose like a beak. The projection of the nose and cheekbones ” pointed” on the sides were also a convenient way to remove the mask ,and to keep it on hand.That kind of conformation became a soundboard, changing the timbre of the voice , thus making the wearer unrecognizable.
The white mask was called ” larva “, perhaps derived from the same Latin word whose meaning like a shadow / ghost.In the past the ” larva ” masks were made by famous craftsmen from those days, it was made from stucco, papier-mâché or leather .The sizes had been in accordance with the comforts and the features of the face , but at the same time had to be in ” standard “, maintaining the constancy in the forms and colors, to be confused with other carnival masks.

You could eat and drink without removing it , thus maintaining the anonymity.After all this, it was the custom to wear a long black cloak that covered half of the body . During the Carnival , the Venetians used the bauta to maintain their anonymity ( granting any transgression ) and let them enjoy the fun.

The Bauta mask ,was used both by men and women on different occasions : it was even obligatory for the married women who went to the theater while it was forbidden to the young girls at the ” age of marriage”.Even the priests and the nuns used that kind of mask to hide their forbidden love stories .

It was introduced in theater by Carlo Goldoni in 1748.In many buildings with frescoes by Tiepolo you can recognize pictures in which appear the old bauta masks.

The Gnaga ,(the cat)
Gnata is a Traditional Venice Carnival mask , a disguise as a woman for men , easy to implement and with fairly common use. It was made up of women’s clothing in common use, a white cap and a mask with the likeness to a cat, accompanied by a basket ,on the arm ,that usually contained a kitten. The character is posing as a commoner small woman , uttering shrill sounds mocking and meows . Sometimes they wore garments of mercy , accompanied by other men dressed as children .

That kind of mask ,have a funny venetian story:

The cats were so scarce in Venice that have become the subject of the wide discution .
Legend tells us that a man who owned nothing that his old cat came to Venice from China.
The man became rich when the cat free,the Doge’s Palace from all its mice. When he returned home , rewarded by the Doge himself, his rich neighbor, full of envy , rushed to Venice with its most precious silks, thinking that if a simple cat did the other man rich , he would be greatly rewarded for all these precious objects. In fact , the Duke had promised , his most precious possession in exchange for objects and gifts … and the cunning neighbor came home with the …precious cat!

This mask offered the opportunity to hide the nature, of many young boys ,who went around dressed as Gnaga , to cover up their homosexuality. The behavior was very common among the young people (monitored by the state inquisitors .) The government attributed the bad habit to the influence of other peoples , especially the Turks, who were famous for this bad habit.From that mask derived an Venetians expression “ti ga na vose da Gnaga ” to indicate the tone of a shrill voice .

“On May 4, 1740 during a “regatta” held in honor of Frederick, King of Saxony, a boy masked as Gnaga, from a boat, began to teasing of the Turks who were leaning out the windows on the place called the “turkish fundament” : these , irritated, began to react first with words , then , at the inceasing insults , uncovering the roof and stoning Gnaga with tiles,dropping off the entire cover of the building ” .

Moretta,(dark-skinned lady),
an oval mask of black velvet that was usually worn by women visiting the convents.Over the mask usualy ,could put a veil.This mask ,a traditional Venetian mask, could be worn by women throughout all the year. Used mainly by young women, the oval black mask, was accompanied by a poor dress ,like a simple servant who hid the identity of a noble woman in search of transgressions. The mask was devoid of the hole of the mouth , and was supported by a button placed inside with the teeth .The mask forced to not speak , which in those days was recommended to a not accompanied lady. Invented in France the mask quickly became popular in Venice, showing the beauty and the femininity of a lady.The strange thing is that the mask was preferred by many men .

Dr.Peste (plague)

Dr. peste is a modern Venetian Carnival Mask . This mask had a very peculiar story: On of the worst scourges of the city of Venice was undoubtedly the plague that struck the city on several occasions. Because of this plague, this strange costume was used as a disguise to recognize physicians who came to visit the sick patients,the strange dress was of French invention,and at the time represented the maximum prevention.The dress consisted of the doctor’s hat ,to show that the man was a doctor, a mask to protect the face, including” the crystal” eyes to protect the wearer’s eyes and a beak stuffed with spices or herbs to purify the air that the doctor breathed.The costume was completed with a wooden stick to push away the victims who get too close to him , a pair of leather gloves to protect his hands , a gown waxed from the outside, and long boots.

Dama mask, (lady)

the mask has many variants correspond to the elegant ladies of the sixteenth century covered in jewels, expensive clothes and processed headgears .Le ladies used to wear white wigs high hairstyles with very elaborate or elegant hairstyle with curls and braids, with a hat of the same shade of gown embellished with colorate feathers. The extremely elaborate dress, with the skirt very wideand large,the quality fabric,colorful and full of lace and decorations aroused the admiration of all who watched.

The mask , in tune with the whole costume have a holder to keep it before the face and hide to the anonymous. In our days,this is probably the most popular type of mask, with the most beautiful effect, used during the Carnival of Venice.

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